Theme of William Wordsworth as a Prophet in Tintern Abbey Essay

Poet as Prophet When I spoke last, I ended with the image of Wordsworth as a monk or priest-like figure zealously converting Dorothy and, by extension, the reader into a position within his vision of the world. But even more than priest, Wordsworth often depicts the romantic poet as prophet. This depiction is demonstrated more clearly in "The Prospectus to the Recluse" than in "Tintern Abbey." In the 1814 version of the "Prospectus" he writes: Paradise, and groves Elysian, Fortunate Fields -- like those of old Sought in the Atlantic Main -- why should they be A history only of departed things, Or a mere fiction of what never was? For the discerning intellect of Man, When wedded to this goodly universe In love and holy passion, shall find these A simple produce of the common day. (47-55) Similar to his vision in "Tintern" where perceptions are both half created by the imagination and half perceived by the senses, here Wordsworth declares that for those who recognize its power, the human mind, or imagination, can meld with nature, can heal the split between nature and mankind, the sublime and the beautiful, to re-create an edenic heaven on Earth. Wordsworth then goes on to assert: -- I, long before the blissful hour arrives, Would chant, in lonely peace, the spousal verse Of this great consummation -- and by words Which speak of nothing more than what we are, Would arouse the sensual from their sleep Of Death, and win the vacant and the vain To noble raptures (56 - 62) Wordsworth, as the romantic poet-prophet, has a preview of ... ...e romantic era ends with the sublimated subject removed from any experience outside that reflected by the romantic centre -- an ironically alienating end to a movement that began in an attempt to unite with the universe. Bibliography Abrams, M.H, General Ed. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 4th ed. Vol. 2. New York: Norton and Company, 1979. Althusser, Louis. "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses." Lenin and Philosophy and other essays. Translated from the French by Ben Brewster. London: New Left Books, 1971. 121-173. Wordsworth, William. "Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey." Abrams, Gen. Ed. 155-158. ---. Preface to Lyrical Ballads." Abrams, Gen. Ed. 160-175. ---. "Prospectus to The Recluse." Abrams, Gen. Ed. 227-230. ---. The Prelude, or Growth of a Poet's Mind. Abrams, Gen. Ed. 257-313.

Gender Differences in Computer-Mediated Communications Essay

â€Å"On the Internet, no body knows you’re a dog. † Herring (2003, p. 205) mentioned this caption of a cartoon bearing published in the New Yorker (July 1993). May be in this age with the internet evolution it’s hard to know it’s a dog, but what about distinguishing user’s gender in computer-mediated communication (CMC) is it easy or not. This essay tries to shade the light on some of these gender differences in computer-mediated communication (CMC). This essay gives an idea about computer-mediated communication (CMC) modes and the gap between CMC expectations and the fact that there are gender differences in CMC. Then it gives an idea about gender differences in traditional communication followed by exploring gender differences in CMC. First, it’s important to have an idea about CMC different modes. According to Herring (2003, p. 205), â€Å"computer mediated communication (CMC) comprises a variety of interactive socio-technical modes†. She gave some examples of these modes such as: e-mail, discussion lists and newsgroups, chat, MUDs (Multi-User Dimensions) and MOOs (MUD, Object Oriented), IM (Instant Messaging). Dalampan (2006) classifies CMC modes into: synchronous and asynchronous (Figure. 1). The synchronous mode requires communication in real-time. However, the synchronous mode doesn’t require interlocutors to be online at the same time. (p. 59) According to Dalampan (2006), the field of computer-mediated communication (CMC) continues to generate interest from sociolinguists who are concerned with whether the traditional gender differences in face-to-face interaction are carried over into online discourse (p. 59). The problem that all studies tried to investigate is the gap between earlier high expectations for CMC concerning providing an environment that creates equity and the fact that gender differences still existed even in CMC environment. Li (2006) saw that many educators and researchers had high hopes for CMC, believing that it provided more equal access to information and communication and would ultimately lead to greater equity. Also, Hendry (2001, p. 3) mentioned that earlier research in computer-mediated communication (CMC) found that CMC promoted social equity. She explains that this could be due to predictions by many researchers that CMC would democratize communication and mitigate gender differences. Despite these claims that the relative anonymous communication on the Internet would break down traditional gender binaries, research has identified gender differences in computer-mediated discourse, similar to differences observed in spoken discourse. (Herring, 2006) In order to determine whether the language used by males and females in computer-mediated communication (CMC) reveal gender related differences or not, many studies were conducted. However, according to Li (2006) research findings concerning gender differences in CMC are mixed. However, this essay will explore some of these gender differences in CMC in some related studies. Linguists have long recognized gender as a factor that may affect person’s linguistic productions (Baron, 2005, p. 8). â€Å"Sociolinguists have written extensively about stylistic differences they have observed between males and females in spoken and written language† (p. 4). Based on these previous studies, Baron (2005) mentioned some gender linguistic differences such as: females tend to use more politeness indicators than males, whereas males more frequently interrupt woman than vice versa; in general, women tend to use language as a tool for facilitating social interaction, whereas males are more prone to use language for conveying information; on average, women’s speech reflects standard phonological, lexical, and grammatical patterns more than men’s does (p. 8). Computer-mediated communication (CMC) has attracted more and more researchers’ attention as a due to the dramatic increase in the use of the Internet in recent years (Li, 2005, p. 382). According to Baron (2003) linguists and other scientists have been studying CMC for we over a decade (p. 4). The essay now will give some examples for gender differences in CMC. Herring (2006, p. 4) reported a tendency for women to be more polite, supportive, emotionally expressive, and less verbose than men in online public forums. Conversely, men are more likely to insult, challenge, express sarcasm, use profanity, and send long messages. Also, Baron (2003) listed some gender differences such as women tend to use more affective markers, more hedges, more politeness markers, and more tag questions. However, men are likely to use more referential language, more profanity, and fewer personal pronouns than women. (p. 9) A study conducted by Li (2006) showed that gender is a considerable factor in the context of mathematics and sciences learning using CMC. Concerning gender communication patterns, findings show males students are more likely to present their opinions and explanations, but less likely to make specific suggestions; whereas female students tend to ask for a lot of information, but are less likely to provide explanations or opinions. Also, female students tend to initiate conversations, while male students are more likely to enter the dialogue at later stages and respond to previous discussions. Li (2006) presented a meta analysis for some studies in gender differences in CMC. Her analysis provided answers for three main questions: first one, what are gender differences in users’ communication patterns in CMC? Results show that on average, female users had a significantly higher frequency of collaborative instances using CMC than males. Also, females had a significantly higher frequency of challenging others and were more personal oriented. Males, on the other hand, used more authoritative statements. Second one, to what extent do male and female differ in their interaction pattern in CMC? Results indicated that, on average, there was a small but significant gender effect on users’ participation pattern, male users had a significantly higher frequency of posting messages or having longer access to the Internet than female users, also, male users have better access to CMC environments. Third question, who would enjoy CMC environment, males or females? Results showed that, on average, there was a moderate but significant gender effect on users’ enjoyment of CMC. Male users enjoyed more CMC environments than their female counterparts. According to Bernard (1998), males tend to dominate group discussions, even when they are in the minority. They even tend to generate more aggressive and often caustic interactions to the extent that they often marginalize female communications to the point of being excluded from the CM interactions. Savicki and Kelley (2000, p. 817) examined whether men and women communicate differently using CMC. They found that gender composition of the groups is the variable that has the strongest relationship to communication style. Results found that women in small task group developed a significantly different style of communication than men did using CMC with other men. They explained that women in female-only groups were able to overcome the limitations of the text-only format of CMC with self-disclosure, use of â€Å"I† statements and through directly addressing their message to other group members. On the other hand, they found that men in male-only groups ignored the sociomotional aspects of group functioning and were more likely to engage in a collective monologue approach to discussion with the addition of mild flaming. Men in MO groups were less satisfied with the CMC experience and showed lower levels of group development. (p. 817) Herring (2003) (Baron, 2005, p. 15) found that on many-to-many asynchronous CMC mode (listservs and newsgroups), males tended to be more adversarial and to write longer messages than females, whereas females tended to be more supportive in their postings with shorter messages and more apologizes than males. On the other hand on synchronous many-to-many CMC mode (chat and social MUDs and MOOs), males were more aggressive and insulting, whereas female had more aligned and supportive discourse. By studying IM conversations of college students, Baron (2005) concluded that there are significant gender differences in IM conversations. She found that male-male conversations tend to be shorter and have more of a spoken character, while female-female conversations tend to be longer and have more of a written character. Males use more contractions than do females. (p. 14) On the other side, Dalampan (2006) added the context factor or dimension he concluded that males and females language use seems to be influenced more by the context of use than their gender this may be because both males and females in his sample were scholars so they were acting like scholars not as males and females. He also concluded that despite the claims of previous research that females used more linguistic qualifiers, hedges, and personal pronouns, the associations were not found to be strong. (p. 65) Another study conducted by Abdul Kadir and Din (2006) shows that there are no significant gender differences in CMC learning mode orientation and learning style. (p. 50) At the end, however research findings may appear to be mixed but findings showed that computer-mediated communication (CMC) couldn’t eliminate gender differences as expected after all it is another communication environment. These gender differences are somehow similar to gender differences in spoken and written language. Some findings didn’t show significant gender differences this could be due to other factors such as the presence of the instructor in the Dalampan (2006) study. Also, findings were different depending on CMC mode either being synchronous/asynchronous or one-to-one/one-to-many. References Abdul Kadir, R. & Din, R. (2006). Computer Mediated Communication: A motivational strategy toward diverse learning style. Journal Pendidikan, 31, pp. 41-51. Retrieved March 16, 2008 from http://pkukmweb. ukm. my/~penerbit/jurnal_pdf/jpend31_03. pdf Baron, N. S. (2003). Instant Messaging by American College Students: A case study in computer-mediated communication. Retrieved March 16, 2008 from http://www. american. edu/tesol/Baron-SeeYouOnlineCorrected64. pdf Baron, N. S. (2005). See You Online: Gender issues in college student use of instant messaging. Retrieved March 16, 2008 from http://www. american. edu/tesol/Baron-SeeYouOnlineCorrected64. pdf Bernard, M. L. (1998). Gender Interaction Differences Using Computer-Mediated Communication: Can the Internet serve as a status equalizer?. Retrieved March 16, 2008 from http://psychology. wichita. edu/mbernard/articles/Gender&Internet. html Dalampan, A. E. (2006). Gender Issues in Computer-Mediated Communications. TESL working paper, 4 (2). Retrieved March 16, 2008 from http://web1. hpu. edu/images/GraduateStudies/TESL_WPS/10Dalampan_Gender_a17241. pdf Hendry, J. (2001). E-gender or Agenda: Are women getting what they want?. ANZMAC 2001. Retrieved March 16, 2008 from http://smib. vuw. ac. nz:8081/WWW/ANZMAC2001/anzmac/AUTHORS/pdfs/Hendry. pdf Herring, S. C. & Paolillo, I. C. (2006). Gender and Genre Variation in Weblogs. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 10(4). Retrieved March 16, 2008 from http://www. blogninja. com/jslx. pdf Herring, S. C. (2003). Gender and Power in Online Communication. In: J. Holmes and M. Meyerhoff (Eds. ), The Handbook of Language and G

How Meta Fiction Influenced Life of Pi - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1048 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/07/31 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Life of Pi Essay Did you like this example? To this day storytelling is the most important tradition humans can have. Family and friends pass down knowledge from generation to generation. Every story contains a lesson that can affect the audience differently in their own way. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Meta Fiction Influenced Life of Pi" essay for you Create order Stories can teach us about appreciation of other cultures, languages, and religions. They also can offer insights into values and encourage creativity. Yann Martels novel contains metafiction where versions of Pis survival compete for the readers belief and imagination. As the author is wandering through India on his own adventure, he was in search of a theme. He meets an older man who tells him I have a story that will make you believe in God. Life of Pi is about a religious boy whose faith in God saves him from a tragic experience that becomes a story. Pi claims The world isnt just the way it is. It is how we understand it, no? And in understanding something, we bring something to it, no? Doesnt that make life a story? (Martel 3. 99) Metafiction usually occurs in fictional stories and is when the story examines the elements of fiction itself. Metafiction can be playful or dramatic but always forces the reader to think about the nature of storytelling and how they are made. This literary device draws attention to the work of imagination, rather than reality, allowing the reader to constantly be aware that the novel they are reading is untrue. The Metafictional frame has an estranged effect, you are always reminded: dont forget, this is only a story I am telling. Throughout the novel Life of Pi, Pi tells two different stories of his survival. This is an example of metafiction because Pi presents the stories both as true but asks which one seems more realistic and which one you would rather hear. Pis first story was a fun fictional tale that made the reader believe in strength and willpower of a man trapped in the middle of an ocean with animals. His original story is with a tiger named Richard Parker, a hyena, a zebra, and an orangutan named Orange juice. They all escaped the sinking ship and ended up together in the lifeboat. Throughout the first few days the hyena kills the zebra and the orangutan. Richard Parker then kills the hyena and eventually Pi tames him with a whistle. By the end of the story Pi considers Richard Parker his companion until they reach land in Mexico. Pis adventure ends once he is finally resting in a hospital bed where he is interviewed. The agents tell Pi that his first story is too unbelievable for them to write about and asks Pi for a more believable story, a story that makes sense. Pi claims I know what you want. You want a story that wont surprise you. That will confirm what you already know. That wont make you see higher or further or differen tly. You want a flat story. An immobile story. You want dry, yeastless factuality. (3.99.224) Pi tells them a second story which is more violent and realistic, exposing the darker side of a man and what survival drove him to do. Pi compares the animals from his first story to the people in the second who were actually on the boat. The hyena represents the cook who gave trouble to Pis mother from the beginning because he was opposed to her being a vegetarian. The zebra represents the sailor, and Orange Juice represents Pis mother. Richard Parker stands for Pi himself, and all the lessons Pis father gave him about animals when he was a child. The second story Pi told, the cook killed the sailor and his mother, then Pi killed him. This story is much more gruesome and leads to the question which story would you rather hear? Pi presents the idea that both stories hold truth, and that truth changes perception of what youve previously read. In both he was stranded for 227 days and was dep rived of food and water. He constantly relied on God and his three religions to get him through his survival. Regardless of what story you decide to believe, the same lessons were learned. Since I was a young girl my family has read to me the three little pigs in many versions which is also an example of metafiction. If you are aware you are a character in a book, you can even escape your own story and make a different reality. In David Wiesners Three Little Pigs the big bad wolf comes and the pigs get out of their stories allowing the reader to follow the three pigs on their own. In the true story of Three little pigs its told from the wolfs point of view on why the wolf isnt so big and bad. The wolf speaks directly through the text and claims he was headed to each pigs house for a cup of sugar so he could bake his grannys birthday cake. He claims the huffing and puffing was just coughing and sneezing due to being sick. In the end of the story the wolf speaks from the jail cell claiming he was framed and is innocent. In the other version of The Three Pigs this story is told from the pigs point of view and focuses on the adventures the pigs have with other storybook ch aracters rather then the ultimate goal of overcoming the wolf. Although this version takes out violence like the Life of Pi, they both hold truth. In both stories the pigs built houses out of straw, sticks, and bricks. The ending is the pigs settling in the brick house after they learned their lesson. Yann Martels whole argument (a story that will make you believe in God) is that most readers prefer the version of Pis survival with the animals on the boat. If you choose to believe that story, you are choosing to believe in the impossible by having faith which is God. Asking to choose which story you rather believe in was for the purpose of serving a theological reflection. Whether you are a person who only believes in things that make sense or someone who has an imagination. Either way, there is no correct answer to that question because Life of Pi intentionally leaves it unanswered.

Hiring Employees With Disabilities - 905 Words

Hiring Employees with Disabilities When one looks at a newspaper for employment, he or she may not see very much opportunity for disabled persons. A disabled person must not be afraid to apply for a job for which he or she feels qualified for fear of discrimination. In fact, Gomez-Mejia, Balkin, Cardy (2012) described discrimination as â€Å"simply making distinctions-in the HR context, distinctions among people â€Å"(p. 98). It is refreshing to witness certain companies as they look past this factor and choose to employ these eager workers. Are there advantages to employing members with disabilities? If so, this notion could prove a meaningful relationship where both the employee and employer may benefit. Benefits of Employing People with Disabilities There are a few reasons that a company might look past an individual’s disabilities and still hire him or her for employment. If one were to look past the fact that it is lawful to ensure individuals with disabilities are able to work for companies which meet certain criteria, it is also good for public opinion and it may serve as a tax break advantage too. In fact, the SDA (2015), stated â€Å"the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requires any employer with 15 or more employees to provide reasonable accommodation for individuals with disabilities, unless doing so would cause undue hardship† (para.3). A reasonable accommodation could be bathrooms that will allow individuals in wheelchairs reasonable access to them or sidewalks toShow MoreRelatedAdvantages and Disadvantages of Hiring Employees with Disabilities1969 Words   |  8 Pagesable to gather a variety of skills and knowledge that competitors didn’t have in their distribution centers, well increasing their efficiency and productivity. This paper, will discuss the advantages and disadvantages that comes with hiring people with disabilities. And how, these disadvantages are not as problematic as perceived, as well as how some risk associated with these disadvantages can be mitigated. Furthermore, this diversity and inclusion program should be included in Proctor GambleRead MoreBenefits Of Hiring A Worker With Disabilities963 Words   |  4 Pagesretention rates while reduceing hiring and training costs, and gaining access to new markets? Every year more and more employers reap these and other benefits as a result of hiring a worker with disabilities. These employers have realized the myths perpetuated by some parts of society which result in fears and uncertainty in regards to hiring those with disabilities are unfounded. To the contrary, businesses that hire disabled individuals find the business, the employees as well as the disabled individualsRead MoreAmerican With Disab ility Act Essay1127 Words   |  5 PagesEmployers Under the American with Disability Act Candyce D. 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Even more, it supports the idea of how it is very important to give those individuals with disabilities an opportunity to seek work and maintainRead MoreEssay On Discrimination And Discrimination808 Words   |  4 PagesDiscrimination and harassment in the workplace can come in many forms. However, Discrimination, for the purpose of employment law, is any workplace action such as hiring, firing, demoting, and promoting, based on a prejudice of some kind, that results in the unfair treatment of employees (Ali, Yamada, Mahmood, 2015). With some distinguished exceptions, such as affirmative action, discrimination is strictly prohibited by numerous federal laws (Ali, Yamada, Mahmood, 2015). Nonetheless, there areRead MoreThe advantages of hiring disabled worke Essay example1430 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Some 600 million people worldwide have disabilities, reports the International Labor Organization, and many still struggle with acquiring and maintaining gainful employment. Individuals with disabilities are at disproportionate risk for unemployment and extremely prone to living in poverty, according to The Interna tional Labor Organization. The major contributing factors of this employment challenge can be attributed to the disadvantages a disabled person faces in the workplace, as well as theRead MoreThe Problems Of The Healthcare Industry1528 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizations. We realize that when the employees are not happy and when the Leaders make errors in judgement and behavior the economic ramifications are huge. The Pine Village Community Medical Center: The Community medical center which was once 280 bedded had to make one third of its facility to assisted living and lay off 25 employees due to financial issues and changes in the uncertainty of Government regulations and Medicaid and Medicare. 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Informative Speech The Pixar Theory - 1382 Words

Informative Speech Outline Title/Topic: The Pixar Theory Specific Purpose: The purpose is to inform on how all Pixar movies exist in the same universe and is telling the same story just jumping around in time. This timelines includes Toy Story (1995), A Bug’s Life (1998), Toy Story 2 (1998), Monsters Inc. (2001), Finding Nemo (2003), The Incredibles (2004), Cars (2006), Ratatouille (2007), WALL-E (2008), Up (2009), Toy Story 3 (2010), Cars 2 (2011), Brave (2012) ,and 2013 Monsters University (Negroni, 2015). Central Idea: The connection between all Pixar movies (before 2015) and made may include Inside Out and The Good Dinosaur. Also that humans are batteries. And that Boo from Monster Inc. is the being that inks everything together. Introduction: I. What if I were to say there were a group movies that told the story of the struggle between animals, humans, and machines/ artificial intelligence (Bloop Animation, 2014). II. The Pixar Theory tries to connect all the movies by stating that the films are telling one cohesive story. III. This theory created by movie blogger Jon Negroni who come up with the idea after watching a video on cracked.com an after hours episode specifically. IV. Fans have being creating theory or speculations towards their favorite things for a very long time such whether Total Recall (1990) set reality or a dream a more recent one would be Inception. V. This timeline begins with Brave and ends with Monsters Inc. but goes back to Brave again.

You Never Know When Free Essays

â€Å"Come now,† her text read. That was all she needed to say. Within seconds, I was in my mom’s car. We will write a custom essay sample on You Never Know When or any similar topic only for you Order Now As I drove, I concentrated on keeping my eyes dry, trying not to think about what I was about to do. My muscles were tense, my teeth were clenched, and the closer I got to her house, the faster the blood pumped through my body. Confusion and terror took over my thoughts, making my attention to the road unreliable. I had never had to use so much willpower to focus on my driving. The world seemed to be standing still at this very moment. That feeling I have never felt before, of total sadness. I felt faint and dazed as if I were falling or dreaming. I expected this was going to happen, but I could never be prepared for it. I didn’t know what to say, I was totally speechless. I was burning up, I felt dizzy but not much tears were coming down my face. I had to hurry and get there. I wanted to escape or runaway anything to make this feeling fade. But I knew it was time once I got the text. I Just didn’t want to believe it was happening after everything. Part of me wanted to scream my heart out and the other part wanted to hit something with the anger that was raging inside of me. I was angry because I couldn’t help her even though I esperately wished I could. I felt defenseless because I knew there was nothing I could do. Once her house finally appeared, I ripped the keys from the ignition. As I ran to her front door, I wondered if I should be sprinting toward this daunting event, but my trembling hands were already turning the doorknob. â€Å"She’s dying,† she told me a couple of weeks before. I don’t remember hearing anything after that. Maybe it was because her sobs made her words inaudible, or maybe I had stopped listening, but either way, I had not believed her. Being best friends with a straightforward girl whose mother was battling sickle-cell gave me many speechless oments. This was one of them. I held the phone to my ear as I listened to her cry painfully. Finally, I managed to whisper, â€Å"No †¦ † I wanted to say, â€Å"That’s not true,† or â€Å"It’ll all get better soon,† but how did I know that? Each time I promised her that she would get better; my words were contradicted by her doctors. The hospital visits were ending with more depressing news, but I still had not believed her. I wasn’t willing to accept that things like this happened to people I knew. Now here I was, standing in her laundry room. She hugged me and whispered, â€Å"Be strong. † Then she pointed to her mother’s bedroom. Entering the room, my emotions escaped from me as if I had taken too big of a breath and let it loose. Insuppressible sobs shook my body as I reached for her hand. But this wasn’t the woman I knew – the lady who taught me how to speak a second language, the silly lady who sang along to â€Å"Keep It To Myself† while bringing us home from school which was three minutes away, or even the woman who became my second mother during a trip to New Orleans Just six months earlier. I was holding the hand of sickle-cell. Pimples peppered her darkened face, and her skin was loose from the weight she had lost. I couldn’t believe t had actually happened. The past few months had been like an incredible Journey and this was now the end. The end being she was no longer here, never to be seen again. How do you say good-bye to someone who knows she’s dying? I didn’t want my last moments with her to be heavy-hearted. Fighting my irregular breathing, I began to list all the nappy times we nad snared. I thanked ner tor the vacations I went on, and for the compassionate, strong, beautiful daughter she had raised. When I finished, I said, â€Å"l will miss you. I love you. † I was no longer shaking as I gave her hand a gentle squeeze. That day shaped the way I live. I realized that no one is invincible. It was a terrifying awakening, and initially I lived in a world of â€Å"what ifs† – making fear a routine feeling. In time, I came to a different conclusion: I need to appreciate life; I cannot allow myself to take it for granted, because I don’t know when my life and the lives around me will come to an end. My continued decision to be chemical-free comes from my realization that I am lucky to have a body that sustains me. I have learned to forgive easily. We’ve all heard the phrase, â€Å"Our time is precious; we shouldn’t waste it,† but it wasn’t until I held death’s hand that I learned to live that way. How to cite You Never Know When, Papers

Privacy and Security Issues in Big Data

Question: Discuss about thePrivacy and Security Issues in Big Data. Answer: Introduction Here in this report, we are going to discuss about an essential topic of privacy and security issues of Big Data. Big data is actually a term that describes large volume of data that can be both structured and unstructured. But it is not necessary that this large amount of data will be important. Big data can be analyzed for visions that lead to better decisions and strategic business activities. This is an emerging trend and an act to gather and store large amounts of information. The definition of big data consists of three important Vs such as Volume, Velocity and Variety. Here volume is related to amount of data. Organizations collect data from number of sources such as business transactions, social media and information from sensor. On other side, velocity is related to data streams. Here RFID tags and sensors are driving the need to deal with torrents of data. Next is variety, it means data comes in different formats such as structured, numeric data in conventional databases to unstructured text documents such as video, audio and financial statements. The purpose of making this report is to discuss about some essential concepts of challenges problems, relevant technologies and its applications and clarification about vague areas. (Gordon, 2013) Discussion This is an important segment of this report and here we will emphasize on challenges of big data regarding privacy and security. Challenges and Problems of Security and Privacy of Big Data Big data security and privacy has various challenges and problems. As we know that in big data, large amount of information is stored and due to this big data problem, various issues of security and privacy are faced that are listed as below: The main security challenge is regarding single level of protection which is not so much recommended in distributed systems that contain big data. (com, 2016) Non-relational databases are evolving and makes difficult for security solutions to continue according to demands. For big data security and privacy management, there is requirement of additional security measures but those are not available easily. Other big security challenge that is faced in big data is regarding validation of large amount information. Validation is necessary to identify that data is trustworthy and accurate. But this security option is not available in big data. IT specialists who are practicing information mining, can collect personal data unethically without permissions of users and without notifying them. It is a big security issue of big data technology. IT specialists who are rely on big data, for them security become dated and inaccessible due to access control encryption. Access controls are not established in some organizations to divide the level of confidentiality. This is lead to lack of security and privacy in big data. Due to this unauthorized users can access information easily. Detailed audits that are highly recommended are not implemented on big data, due to large amount of data in it. It also leads to violation of privacy and security of big data. Due to size of big data, origins of this technique cannot be consistently monitored and tracked. Therefore, these are some important challenges of security and privacy in big data. The resolution of these challenges is required to get secure big data services. Relevant Technologies and its Applications There are various technologies available that can be used to maintain security and privacy of Big data. Here in this segment, we will emphasize on those technologies. Application Software Security There are various open source software solutions available that are used to manage large amount of data. But it is possible that some open source software solutions may contain virus or malware etc. In this case, it will be better to use secure version of application software solutions to manage big data. Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs Audit logging technologies are also considered important for maintaining security and privacy of Big Data. These logging technologies provides help to understand and monitor big data clusters. Apache Ozone is a technology that is used for maintaining security for Big Data. Auditing, maintaining and analyzing logs are done consistently in enterprise. Secure and Proper Configurations for Hardware and Software Components Hardware and software components are important for every system and these are important to maintain security and privacy of Big Data infrastructure. Patching must also be up to date on system and administrative privileges should be provided to limited users. Control and Monitoring Account It is necessary for big data users to control and monitor accounts. In this case, there is requirement to use strong passwords and option for deactivate and inactive account in case of maximum attempts to log-in by users. Deactivation of account will prevent from unauthorized access of information by hackers. These are relevant security and privacy techniques that must be used by users of Big Data to get prevention from vulnerable information security breach. Hadoop is also a well-known technology for managing big data by maintaining its security and privacy. Hadoop is an open source, java-based programming platform which is used to process and store a huge data sets in distributing computing environment. This platform is introduced by Apache Software Foundation. (Mayer-SchoÃÅ'ˆnberger, V. Cukier, K, 2013) Applications for Relevant Technologies of Big Data The above discussed techniques to maintain security and privacy of Big Data has various applications. Not only Big Data issue, but also for other security breaches, these above discussed applications can be used for maintaining security and privacy of data. (SearchCloudComputing, 2016) Clarify Vague Areas As we know that Big Data technology has become so much popular among IT experts for managing large amount of data. But, Big Data is a vague term for a massive occurrence and it has become a rapid obsession with entrepreneurs, governments and media. The main problem in Big Data that is not known to people exactly that there is lack of big insights and now main challenge is to resolve new problems and to find out new answers for solutions. (Markey, 2014) Feedback to and from Cohort Colleagues On the behalf of this report, our feedback for colleagues is that, these discussed big data security and privacy challenges are required to consider seriously. The given relevant technologies can provide successful outcomes in case of Big Data, if these will be implemented properly. After reading this report, our cohort colleagues are agreed with information and solutions of Big Data and according to them, these solutions will be useful for them to maintain security at their own level. The feed of colleagues is positive, so there is no needs to make refinements. (Mattsson, U. Colby, 2016) Commonly Raised Questions of Big Data Big data technology has a wide scope, there are various things that are not yet cleared to its users. There are different reviews of Big Data Users, researchers about this concept. The students who have provided important information about Big Data, we would like to raise some questions of the behalf of that information. These questions are listed as below: On which two platforms, Hadoop does work? What are four Vs in Big Data? How Big Data analysis helps in business to increase its revenue? (com, 2016) Respond to Questions Asked on the Behalf of students information about Big Data and Information Available in this Report. In this segment of report, we will provide information about above asked questions and some other questions related to this report. (DeZyre, 2015). Ques 1: On which two platforms, Hadoop does work? Answer: Hadoop technique works on two major components such as HDFS i.e. Hadoop Distributed File System and Hadoop MapReduce which a java based programming paradigm. Ques 2: What are four Vs in Big Data? Answer: The four Vs of Big Data are volume i.e. scale of data, velocity i.e. streaming data analysis, variety i.e. different forms of data and veracity i.e. uncertainty of data. (Tutorialspoint.com, 2016) Ques 3: How Big Data analysis helps in business to increase its revenue? Answer: This is an important question that is raised by other students on the behalf of providing information about Big Data. Indeed, big data provides help to differentiate itself from other business organizations. For Example, Walmart is largest retailer in 2014 in terms of revenue because it is using data analytics for increasing its sales factor. There are various companies that are working on Big Data successfully by using Hadoop and these companies are Yahoo, Netfix, Amazon, eBay and Twitter. (Ap-institute.com, 2016) Ques 4: List of applications wheren Big Data can be used? Answer: The common use of Big Data is in business organizations to understand and targeting customers, to understand and optimize business processes, performance optimization and to make improvement in healthcare and public health. (Gholami, A. Laure, 2016) Conclusion After this whole discussion about Big Data, we cans say that Big Data is a beneficial technique to provide to manage various business activities, besides this, security and privacy of data is also necessary. In this case, it will be effective to use above discussed relevant technologies to get rid of these security issues. References FT.com. (2016). Big data: are we making a big mistake? Financial Times. Retrieved 23 September 2016, from https://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/21a6e7d8-b479-11e3-a09a-00144feabdc0.html Markey, J. (2014). How to Manage Big Datas Big Security Challenges. Data Informed. Retrieved 23 September 2016, from https://data-informed.com/manage-big-datas-big-security-challenges/ Mattsson, U. Colby, J. (2016). Nine Main Challenges in Big Data Security | Data Center Knowledge. Data Center Knowledge. Retrieved 23 September 2016, from https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2016/01/19/nine-main-challenges-big-data-security/ Sas.com. (2016). What is Big Data and why it matters. Retrieved 23 September 2016, from https://www.sas.com/en_us/insights/big-data/what-is-big-data.html SearchCloudComputing. (2016).What is big data ? Definitionof Big Data. Retrieved 23 September 2016, from https://searchcloudcomputing.techtarget.com/definition/big-data-Big-Data Tutorialspoint.com. (2016). Hadoop Interview Questions - tutorialspoint. Retrieved 23 September 2016, from https://www.tutorialspoint.com/hadoop/hadoop_interview_questions.htm DeZyre. (2015).Top 100 Hadoop Interview Questions and Answers 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2016, from https://www.dezyre.com/article/top-100-hadoop-interview-questions-and-answers-2016/159 Ap-institute.com. (2016). 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